Speed of Light vs Density Science Fair Projects

Astronomy and physics science fair projects break barriers with speed of light experiments...

The Speed of Light

The speed of light is one of those science concepts that seems to be unbreakable by humans. As we approach the speed of light the laws of physics are bent to a point of breaking.

Objectives/Goals

The objective is to determine if the densities of different materials change the speed of light. Also to determine if changing the incidence angles or the materials temperatures, would change the velocity of the light through the material.

Methods/Materials

Seven different solutions, with different densities, were created and three other household materials were obtained. I calculated the density and the index of refraction of each material. I created a control group based on the speed of light in air. The laser beam was shot through the longer side of a container with the material at a 30, 45 and 60 degree angle, parallel to the surface. A picture was taken in order to measure the incidence and refracted angle. I use Snells Law formula to calculate the wave velocity in the material. This procedure was repeated for each material at two temperatures, 10C and 30C. Three trials were done for each incidence angle, temperature and material. I graphed Density vs. Velocity, Density vs. Index and Velocity vs. Index for each test. Also, I did a Statistical Analysis of all experimental velocities and graphed the results.

Results

The results show that, as the material gets denser, it takes the laser a longer time to get through that material. The increase of the materials temperature result on an increase of the velocity. By changing the incidence angles, the experimental velocities had only a 3% error, for the same material.

Conclusions/Discussion

After 180 different tests and thousands of pictures, the data supports my hypothesis because its true that as the density of the material increases, the speed of light through the material decreases. 3rd party contributor